Padrões de Design de API

Convenções e melhores práticas para projetar APIs REST consistentes e amigáveis para desenvolvedores.

Quando Ativar

• Projetando novos endpoints de API
• Revisando contratos de API existentes
• Adicionando paginação, filtragem ou ordenação
• Implementando tratamento de erros para APIs
• Planejando estratégia de versionamento de API
• Construindo APIs voltadas para o público ou parceiros

Design de Recursos

Estrutura de URL

# Resources are nouns, plural, lowercase, kebab-case
GET    /api/v1/users
GET    /api/v1/users/:id
POST   /api/v1/users
PUT    /api/v1/users/:id
PATCH  /api/v1/users/:id
DELETE /api/v1/users/:id

# Sub-resources for relationships
GET    /api/v1/users/:id/orders
POST   /api/v1/users/:id/orders

# Actions that don't map to CRUD (use verbs sparingly)
POST   /api/v1/orders/:id/cancel
POST   /api/v1/auth/login
POST   /api/v1/auth/refresh

Regras de Nomenclatura

# GOOD
/api/v1/team-members          # kebab-case for multi-word resources
/api/v1/orders?status=active  # query params for filtering
/api/v1/users/123/orders      # nested resources for ownership

# BAD
/api/v1/getUsers              # verb in URL
/api/v1/user                  # singular (use plural)
/api/v1/team_members          # snake_case in URLs
/api/v1/users/123/getOrders   # verb in nested resource

Métodos HTTP e Códigos de Status

Semântica de Métodos

*PATCH pode ser tornado idempotente com implementação adequada

Referência de Código de Status

# Success
200 OK                    — GET, PUT, PATCH (with response body)
201 Created               — POST (include Location header)
204 No Content            — DELETE, PUT (no response body)

# Client Errors
400 Bad Request           — Validation failure, malformed JSON
401 Unauthorized          — Missing or invalid authentication
403 Forbidden             — Authenticated but not authorized
404 Not Found             — Resource doesn't exist
409 Conflict              — Duplicate entry, state conflict
422 Unprocessable Entity  — Semantically invalid (valid JSON, bad data)
429 Too Many Requests     — Rate limit exceeded

# Server Errors
500 Internal Server Error — Unexpected failure (never expose details)
502 Bad Gateway           — Upstream service failed
503 Service Unavailable   — Temporary overload, include Retry-After

Erros Comuns

# BAD: 200 for everything
{ "status": 200, "success": false, "error": "Not found" }

# GOOD: Use HTTP status codes semantically
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
{ "error": { "code": "not_found", "message": "User not found" } }

# BAD: 500 for validation errors
# GOOD: 400 or 422 with field-level details

# BAD: 200 for created resources
# GOOD: 201 with Location header
HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Location: /api/v1/users/abc-123

Formato da Resposta

Resposta de Sucesso

{
  "data": {
    "id": "abc-123",
    "email": "alice@example.com",
    "name": "Alice",
    "created_at": "2025-01-15T10:30:00Z"
  }
}

Resposta de Coleção (com Paginação)

{
  "data": [
    { "id": "abc-123", "name": "Alice" },
    { "id": "def-456", "name": "Bob" }
  ],
  "meta": {
    "total": 142,
    "page": 1,
    "per_page": 20,
    "total_pages": 8
  },
  "links": {
    "self": "/api/v1/users?page=1&per_page=20",
    "next": "/api/v1/users?page=2&per_page=20",
    "last": "/api/v1/users?page=8&per_page=20"
  }
}

Resposta de Erro

{
  "error": {
    "code": "validation_error",
    "message": "Request validation failed",
    "details": [
      {
        "field": "email",
        "message": "Must be a valid email address",
        "code": "invalid_format"
      },
      {
        "field": "age",
        "message": "Must be between 0 and 150",
        "code": "out_of_range"
      }
    ]
  }
}

Variantes de Envelope de Resposta

// Opção A: Envelope com wrapper de dados (recomendado para APIs públicas)
interface ApiResponse<T> {
  data: T;
  meta?: PaginationMeta;
  links?: PaginationLinks;
}

interface ApiError {
  error: {
    code: string;
    message: string;
    details?: FieldError[];
  };
}

// Opção B: Resposta plana (mais simples, comum para APIs internas)
// Sucesso: apenas retorne o recurso diretamente
// Erro: retorne o objeto de erro

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