tmux — Terminal Multiplexer

Overview

tmux keeps terminal sessions alive across SSH disconnects, splits work across multiple panes, and enables fully scriptable terminal automation. This skill covers session management, window/pane layout, keybinding patterns, and using tmux non-interactively from shell scripts — essential for remote servers, long-running jobs, and automated workflows.

When to Use This Skill

• Use when setting up or managing persistent terminal sessions on remote servers
• Use when the user needs to run long-running processes that survive SSH disconnects
• Use when scripting multi-pane terminal layouts (e.g., logs + shell + editor)
• Use when automating tmux commands from bash scripts without user interaction

How It Works

tmux has three hierarchy levels: sessions (top level, survives disconnects), windows (tabs within a session), and panes (splits within a window). Everything is controllable from outside via tmux <command> or from inside via the prefix key (Ctrl-b by default).

Session Management

# Create a new named session
tmux new-session -s work

# Create detached (background) session
tmux new-session -d -s work

# Create detached session and start a command
tmux new-session -d -s build -x 220 -y 50 "make all"

# Attach to a session
tmux attach -t work
tmux attach          # attaches to most recent session

# List all sessions
tmux list-sessions
tmux ls

# Detach from inside tmux
# Prefix + d   (Ctrl-b d)

# Kill a session
tmux kill-session -t work

# Kill all sessions except the current one
tmux kill-session -a

# Rename a session from outside
tmux rename-session -t old-name new-name

# Switch to another session from outside
tmux switch-client -t other-session

# Check if a session exists (useful in scripts)
tmux has-session -t work 2>/dev/null && echo "exists"

Window Management

# Create a new window in the current session
tmux new-window -t work -n "logs"

# Create a window running a specific command
tmux new-window -t work:3 -n "server" "python -m http.server 8080"

# List windows
tmux list-windows -t work

# Select (switch to) a window
tmux select-window -t work:logs
tmux select-window -t work:2       # by index

# Rename a window
tmux rename-window -t work:2 "editor"

# Kill a window
tmux kill-window -t work:logs

# Move window to a new index
tmux move-window -s work:3 -t work:1

# From inside tmux:
# Prefix + c     — new window
# Prefix + ,     — rename window
# Prefix + &     — kill window
# Prefix + n/p   — next/previous window
# Prefix + 0-9   — switch to window by number

Pane Management

# Split pane vertically (left/right)
tmux split-window -h -t work:1

# Split pane horizontally (top/bottom)
tmux split-window -v -t work:1

# Split and run a command
tmux split-window -h -t work:1 "tail -f /var/log/syslog"

# Select a pane by index
tmux select-pane -t work:1.0

# Resize panes
tmux resize-pane -t work:1.0 -R 20   # expand right by 20 cols
tmux resize-pane -t work:1.0 -D 10   # shrink down by 10 rows
tmux resize-pane -Z                   # toggle zoom (fullscreen)

# Swap panes
tmux swap-pane -s work:1.0 -t work:1.1

# Kill a pane
tmux kill-pane -t work:1.1

# From inside tmux:
# Prefix + %     — split vertical
# Prefix + "     — split horizontal
# Prefix + arrow — navigate panes
# Prefix + z     — zoom/unzoom current pane
# Prefix + x     — kill pane
# Prefix + {/}   — swap pane with previous/next

Sending Commands to Panes Without Being Attached

# Send a command to a specific pane and press Enter
tmux send-keys -t work:1.0 "ls -la" Enter

# Run a command in a background pane without attaching
tmux send-keys -t work:editor "vim src/main.py" Enter

# Send Ctrl+C to stop a running process
tmux send-keys -t work:1.0 C-c

# Send text without pressing Enter (useful for pre-filling prompts)
tmux send-keys -t work:1.0 "git commit -m '"

# Clear a pane
tmux send-keys -t work:1.0 "clear" Enter

# Check what's in a pane (capture its output)
tmux capture-pane -t work:1.0 -p
tmux capture-pane -t work:1.0 -p | grep "ERROR"

Scripting a Full Workspace Layout

This is the most powerful pattern: create a fully configured multi-pane workspace from a single script.

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail

SESSION="dev"

# Bail if session already exists
tmux has-session -t "$SESSION" 2>/dev/null && {
  echo "Session $SESSION already exists. Attaching..."
  tmux attach -t "$SESSION"

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